Kinetic

We can use many of Technique or methods for separating of compounds or mixtures .and we can by those methods studying of kinetic for reactions ,determine of reaction rate and reaction order . some of those methods are : mass spectrometric , spectrometric and Chromatographic Methods . But in this paper I just talk about chromatographic method . exactly, gas chromatography . Chromatography:Few methods of chemical analysis are truly specific to a particular analyte. It is often found that the analyte of interest must be separated from the myriad of individual compounds that may be present in a sample. As well as providing the analytical scientist with methods of separation, chromatographic techniques can also provide methods of analysis . Chromatography involves a sample (or sample extract) being dissolved in a mobile phase (which may be a gas, a liquid or a supercritical fluid). The mobile phase is then forced through an immobile, immiscible stationary phase. The phases are chosen such that components of the sample have differing solubility in each phase. A component which is quite soluble in the stationary phase will take longer to travel through it than a component which isn't very soluble in the stationary phase but very soluble in the mobile phase. As a result of these differences in mobilities , sample components will become separated from each other as they travel through the stationary phase. Gas chromatography methods that are used for studying first-order reaction kinetics by gas chromatography : (1) classical kinetic methods where samples of batch-wise kinetic studies are analyzed by enantioselective gas chromatography, (2) stopped-flow methods performed on one chiral column, (3) stopped-flow methods performed on an achiral column or empty capillary coupled in series with two chiral columns, (4) on-flow method performed on an achiral column coupled in series with two chiral columns, and (5) reaction gas chromatography, known as a dynamic gas chromatography. The following procedures have been developed to determination peak areas of reaction constituents in such complex chromatograms: (i) methods based on computer-assisted simulations of chromatograms where the kinetic activation parameters for the interconversion of enantiomers are obtained by iterative comparison of experimental and simulated chromatograms, (ii) stochastic methods based on the simulation of Gaussian distribution functions and using a time-dependent probability density function, (iii) approximation function and unified equation, (iv) computer-assisted peak deconvolution methods. Fast reaction :Reaction between metal carbonate and acid.- Reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid :CaCO3 + 2HCl -; CaCl2 + H2O + CO2Reaction between reactive metal and water .-reaction between lithium and water :2Li + 2H2O -; 2LiOH + H2Combustion .-combustion of magnesium in oxygen .2Mg + O2 -; 2MgOPrecipitation (double decomposition )-precipitation of silver (I) chloride :AgNO3 + HCl -; AgCl + HNO3 Rate :The rate can be measured using apparatus on the rightrate of reaction = d[CaCl2] / t ,or d[CO2] / t or d[H2O] the rate can be decrease or increase with change of temperature , concentration , pressure , surface area or size of molecules .concentration : when the concentration is decrease the rate decrease .example : 3 g of calcium carbonate react with 5 g of hydrochloric acid to produce 3 g of carbon dioxide in 10s at 25C and 1atm. rate = -d [CaCO3] / t = -d[3] / 10 . But we decrease of concentration of calcium carbonate to 2 .rate = -d[2] / 10 .pressure and temperature : also when decrease the pressure or temperature the rate decrease .example : 3 g of calcium carbonate react with 5 g of hydrochloric acid to produce 3 g of carbon dioxide in 10s at 25C and 1atm. rate = -d [CaCO3] / t = -d[3] / 10s . but the time is increase to 20s , because the pressure decrease to 0.5 and temperature decrease to 15 , so the rate = -d [3] / 20s . In a chemical reaction the reactant decrease over time and product increase over time . The rate will decrease over time as the hydrochloric acid is used up (its concentration decreases)The graph in after page shows the volume of gas produced over time in the reaction between HCl and CaCO3 .All three reactions result in the same amount of CO2 gas being produced; however the higher the concentration of HCl, the faster the rate of reaction, thus the less time it takes for the reaction to be complete . The table below shows the time taken to produce 50cm3Â  of CO2Â  for each concentration of HCl :Rate of reaction / cm3 of CO2 s-1 Time take to produce 50 cm3 of CO2/1s Concentration of HCl /mold m-30.86 58 2.00.42 120 2.00,21 235 0.5 From the results in the table above, it can be worked out that the rate of reaction is directionally proportional to the concentration of hydrochloric acid, so if you halve the concentration of HCl will be halved, if you quarter the concentration, the rate will be quartered . rate = k [HCl]1 Order :The order of a reaction is not necessarily an integer. The following orders are possible :Zero: A zero order indicates that the concentration of that species does not affect the rate of a reaction .Negative integer: A negative order indicates that the concentration of that species INVERSELY affects the rate of a reaction .Positive integer: A positive order indicates that the concentration of that species DIRECTLY affects the rate of a reaction . Non-Integer: Non-integer orders, both positive and negative, represent more intricate relationships between concentrations and rate in more complex reactions.So, in The reaction of calcium carbonate with hydrochloric acid is said to be first order with respect to hydrochloric acid .This is because the rate depends upon the concentration of hydrochloric acid to the power one . Technique :we can measure of rate of carbon dioxide by gas chromatography , gas chromatography can separating of compound by boiling point , and you can analyze results on your computer and measuring of rate of CO2 .and you can determine of rate by flow reaction that may be is easer method .

Good in the Moral Context

GOOD IN THE MORAL CONTEXT i. e. OBJECTIVISIT, SUBJECTIVIST AND FUNCTIONALIST ‘Good’ can be described from three views: †¢Objectivist †¢Subjectivist †¢Functionalist Objectivist point of view One main philosopher who defended the objectivist point of view was George Edward (G. E. ) Moore. In his book Principia Ethica, Moore discussed the definition of the word ‘good’. With this book he influenced the philosophers who came after him. The objectivist point of view is naturalism i. e. (what moral law predictates, usually from the natural law). In defining the word ‘good’, G. E. Moore attacks the objectivist point of view.He criticizes the naturalistic point of view. Moore, an intuitionist (meaning he is someone who decides if something is good or wrong by reflecting on his own, without anyone explaining to him) disagreed that good could be explained objectively. Moore criticised Utilitiarians as they were emotivists, i. e. depending on feelings. Thus they defined ‘good’ according to feelings. So good = pleasure. Thus utilitarians do not judge whether an action is good or bad by the quality of the action but by the consequence of the effects. Moore also criticised Christian morality, because these reason an action is good because it pleases God.He said, something is not defined as good because it pleases someone else. Moore invented an interesting term called ‘The Naturalistic fallacy’. Naturalistic fallacy, according to Moore, is to define a term, in this case ‘good’ by means of something which is a state of fact. To explain ‘good’ in terms of pleasure, is committing a Naturalistic fallacy. His reasoning is as thus: if something gives me pleasure, and thus because of this feeling, I say it is good; I conclude, since it is good, then I ought to do it – this is a wrong conclusion. ‘Is’ is a statement of fact, while ‘ought’ is a mor al statement.Moore was an intuitionist. Moore says that the word ‘good’ is not defined by its natural qualities (the qualities which are natural to something and which describe the object e. g. a red, juicy strawberry. If someone is asked why the strawberry is good, his answer will be, ‘because it is red and juicy’ thus defining ‘good’ by its natural qualities). For Moore, good is good and cannot be defined. The objectivists say that moral terms are explained by means of natural qualities. Objectivism is the view that the claims of ethics are objectively true. They are not relative to subject or culture.A term is defined as thus because it is as thus. So good is good not because of feelings or situations, the definition of which would be from a subjectivist point of view, giving rise to relativism. ‘Good’ is defined as thus, because the actions showing good are inscribed in us in the natural law. So according to objectivists, †˜good’ is described by its natural qualities. Naturalism, which the objectivists used, is a term which interprets the word as it is standing for natural characteristics. This may be misleading as good might stand for a quality of pleasure or for something to be desired, and this is not always right.Something pleasurable may in actual fact be wrong. One argument against naturalism, which the objectivists use, is that attribution (is) is confused with identity (ought). ‘Is’ is a statement of fact, while ‘ought’ is a moral statement. These (‘is’ and ‘ought’) are sometimes confused. Thus if something is pleasurable, thus it is good, thus it ought to be done, is (1) a wrong definition of ‘good’, (2) a wrong assumption as not all pleasures are good. One cannot equate good with solely pleasure. Moore goes deeper. In defining a word, he tried to split it into simpler terms.According to Moore, ‘good’ cannot be split into any simpler terms as it is already in the simplest term. So Moore’s philosophy states that ‘good’ is ‘good’. ‘Good’ is indefinable. Subjectivist point of view Subjectivism means that what is right or wrong is defined from the perspective of one’s attitudes, one’s theories and one’s emotions. Subjectivism is based on feelings, and as a result of emotivism. Subjectivism may also be called emotivism. Subjectivism is ethical values expressed in emotional values; personal emotions which can differ from one person to another.Thus there is no fixed standard, no norm, no mean. David Hume He is a basic figure in subjectivism. He was a 17th century philosopher. Hume was also an empiricist (tries to tie knowledge to experience) as he did not use rationalism (reason) but got experience from things around him. Hume said that all we know comes from around us, from our senses 9what we see, what we feel). Decante on t he other hand used rationalism. Kant tried to fuse empiricism and rationalism. Hume thus says that a person, basically, is a bunch of sense experiences. He also says that the senses can never lead us to the universal truth.We cannot say that something is right or wrong just from our senses. According to Hume, ethics is not built on reason (which is what Aristotle says) but on the senses. The universal truths (which are basically what the natural law states – do good to others, harm no one etc) are simply cut off by Hume’s subjective approach. Hume emptied ethics from any rational foundation – he shifted ethics based on reason (like that of Aristotle) to ethics based on emotions or feelings. Hume says not to look for reason but for sentiments – thus if something feels good – do it.He said that passion not reason is what leads us to do something – reason alone is ineffective. According to Hume, it is sentiments and not reason which are the fou ndations of morality. Hume said that statements like ‘This car is red’ (descriptive) and ‘This action is good’ (evaluative) are statements both of the same nature. He mixed descriptive and evaluative argument. In the statement, ‘This person is good’ one is not saying something about the person, but it is my reaction towards that person. Three philosophers affected by Hume were AJ Ayer, CL Stevenson and Hare.AJ Ayer According to Ayer, when we make a judgement, it can be classified as 1. empirical or factual 2. logical or analytical 3. emotive Ayer said that ethical statements are non-statements because you cannot verify them (as in analytical statements) and you cannot make them as a statement of fact (empirical statement or factual). Ethical statements such as good, just expresses one’s emotions (emotivism) – a statement depending on one’s feelings. For Ayer ethical statements are meaningless. Ethical concepts, such as good , cannot be analysed because they are not real oncepts at all – they are false concepts. He stated, ‘The presence of an ethical symbol (good is an ethical symbol) in a statement adds nothing to its factual content, meaning nothing is stated about the nature of the ethical symbol. Thus ‘good’ has no value when describing someone or something – for Ayer ‘good’ was just a way of expressing a feeling about the person/object concerned. CL Stevenson Statements such as ‘good’ do not say anything about state of facts but says only about one’s behaviour, one’s attitudes and one’s feelings.Ethical statements such as ‘good’ do not express a belief, only attitudes. Beliefs are based on reason, attitudes and one’s emotions (emotive). ‘Moral discourses are primarily not informative but influential’, says Stevenson. Thus when I say ‘John is good’, I am expressing my feeling s and at the same time influencing others by my statement. Stevenson, being emotive, says that ethical language, such as good, does not give us information about the person or object – they simply express one’s emotions. They simply intent to inform, they do not say anything about the nature.Hare While Ayer and Stevenson said that ethical statements are non-rational, non-logical, Hare is introducing rationality. He says that by a statement one influences another person, if the latter accepts it, and to do so he must understand it and he has to use his reason. Another point that Hare brought up is that an ethical statement can be 1. emotive 2. action guiding To guide it involves rationality. So ethical statements are not simply giving a piece of information, but action guiding (presciptivism – moral commitment to the giving or accepting of a command).Hare says that ‘a right action is one which ought to be done’ while ‘a wrong action is one that ought not to be done’. The prescriptive theory holds that the words ‘good’ or ‘bad’ are used not simply to command but to comment (=give an advice to do or not to do). ‘Good’ as applied to objects. It is important to distinguish between ‘meaning’ and ‘criteria’. Meaning always has a value, but criteria (the description) is different. ‘This marker is good’ or ‘This microphone is good’. The meaning is the same as the marker writes and the microphone amplifies sound. As applied to people, if I say, ‘John is a good man’.If we stick to the idea of Hare, that moral discourse, ethical statements, are action guiding, am I saying that ‘if you want a good man choose John’. It does not make sense. So when we place human beings as morally good, we are not talking about use or function. Hare deals with the distinction of the function and by treating the moral sense of good , it becomes an advice for imitation rather than a choice. A weak point of Hare: he still says that moral statements (such as good) still not saying anything about the person, but simply is a matter of influencing others and telling others to imitate him.Moral discourse is not only influential but action guiding – brings in rationality. He is still an emotivist saying that if an object is good, I am action guiding you; if a person is good I am just telling you to imitate him. Functionalist approach The functionalist approach is defining good in terms of aim and purpose. Good is the fulfilment of a function. For example a marker is good because it fulfils its function – it writes. If you are saying something is good, you are saying something about the object. O am not reflecting my emotions on an object (thus not an emotivist).A functionalist approach is based on its function. An emotivist approach is based on the attitude. A person chooses the good from the bad chooses a good life, because we are aiming at a ‘goal’ at an ‘end’. Aristotle is saying that there is something in-built in every object, in every person, to seek the good – the good being that at which all things aim. For a person to live a good life, he must understand the purpose of the human life. The purpose of human life is common to all humans, from a philosophical point of view – to have a good life.Aristotle defined end or purpose as ‘that for the sake a thing is done’ and good ‘as that at which all things aim’. Aristotle aid that God and nature do nothing in vain – that everything in the universe has been created to achieve a particular purpose. According to Aristotle the purpose of all human beings is the same. To understand the meaning of the word ‘good’ and of the ‘good life’, we have to understand the purpose of the human life and thus the metaphysics of the universe. In attempt ing to answer the meaning of ‘good’, Aristotle looked at the dynamic elements of the world around us (oak tree, chimpanzees, humans and so on).This is the general characteristics which defines Aristotle’s philosophy (metaphysics and ethics) and teleological (the study of the ends and purpose of things). According to Plato’s metaphysical views, he came with two kinds of worlds, the world of ideal and the world of reality. What we see is not the real world but an imitation of the ideal world. So substance in the ideal world is not included in the real world. Aristotle was Plato’s student but he still rejected Plato’s approach. Aristotle brought together the world of ideal and the world of reality.What we see is not an imitation – it is real. To explain the universe, Aristotle gave the theory of the four causes. 1. natural cause 2. formal cause 3. effective cause 4. final cause The theory of the four causes explains the dynamic nature of all the animate objects including human beings. In that way we can understand the goal, the purpose of the life of a human being, thus the meaning of a good life and the meaning of the word good. Metaphysics gives us a way of understanding reality how the human person acts and behaves, this behaviour can be living a good or a bad life.Ethics and metaphysics are distinct but interrelated. The theory of the four causes goes to explain, that if we think of an example of something which is produced by an agent such as a statue – then Material cause – that which constitutes the statue eg marble Formal cause – the pattern or blue print determining the form and the result Efficient cause – agency producing the result eg tools, sculpture Final cause – the sake for which the cause is produced ie the end towards which the production is directed In the case of humans: Material cause – genes Formal cause – humanEfficient cause – freedom, i ntention, responsibility, practical reasoning Final cause – the good life In humans the efficient cause and final cause are dependent of the formal cause – the fact that I am a human being. We are free to make choices in the efficient cause, choosing responsibility or lack of it, thus effecting the final cause. Aristotle also spoke about potency and actuality. Potency is the potentiality of something or someone – characteristics, which if cultured, become actual. Actuality means when something, which is potential, becomes actual. So we have to ask†¦what is our potentiality?We have a potential to reach our goal in life. Conclusion Having been exposed to these three views, in the definition of the word ‘good’, I think that subjectivism is the view which least defines well the word ‘good’. This view shows relativism and emotivism. To define a word well, especially one with a moral value/a virtue, there has to be a norm, a mean, a stan dard and subjectivism fails to do this. On the other hand, the functionalist definition of the word ‘good’ is the best definition of all as it shows a standard – its function; so there is no relativism involved.

Gap Analysis Global Communications Essay

All business ventures are associated with the occurrences of risk. This is a s a result of the unstable conditions that exist in the labor market and therefore an organization that thrives we’ll at one particular time can be caught in a fold in at another particular time. It is therefore, through the realization of this noble fact that the leadership as well as the management of any organization with a goal of a bright future to be keen about the advances in the technological advancements as well as new services that concurrently occur for the purpose of remaining competitive in the market. The simple practice responsible with keeping pace with the existing competition is just not sufficient for the purposes of the relevant results that are essential for the purposes of the maintenance of a position in the industry. It is of vital importance that for a company to remain at the top of others, the creation of an edge that is responsible for the separation of the company from competition should be cultivated (Ulijn & Judith, 2004). There has been a recorded trend in the increase in the level of competition in the telecommunication industry as a result of a continual advent of services as well as technologies in the field of telecommunication. The companies using cables for the purpose of offering services in the communication sector have been in advantageous position in as far as the provision of complete solutions to communication problems to the customers. For a period of about three years in the past, Global Communication was thriving very well in the market, having to trade at $28 for every share of the company. However at the current the company has been adversely affected by the issue of competition. In the consideration of the financial distress which has had the consequences of competition of a standard that is overwhelming, the senior leadership of this particular company are subjected to some developments that are responsible for the plans responsible with the restructuring the company for the purposes of its re vitalization. There is a need for the consolidation of the company’s standards of ethics with excellent implementation due to the level of the risk that has been posed to the integrity of the company. The new plan has brought about some ethical dilemmas which requires some evaluation in line with the competency with which the senior leaders of the company are cable to communicate to the stakeholders matters related to the plan, the groups as well as individuals with a positive interest with respect to Global Communication and the perception of other individuals in as far as the plan is concerned (Andrews, 2000). Analysis of the situation: The identification issue as well as opportunity There has been a drastic depreciation in the stocks of Global Communication to a tune of 50% that has been recorded for a period three years back. At the same time the company has been exposed to a very high degree of competition. For the purpose of the future survival of the company in the industry of communication, there is a requirement for completely new as well as attractive services that aim to seek ways to reduce the costs of operations while at the same time increasing the profits of the company (Hoft, 2002). The consideration of the relevant motives that are responsible for the resolution of issues and the best decision making is a requirement. The process of decision making, the management of the knowledge, the consideration of the needs of the employees as well as the coordination, and lastly the communication in the workplace are all significant for the best performance of the organization. The potential abilities of the individual employees to work in coordination for the purpose of the achievement of the goals of the organization are of crucial importance with regard to the success of the organization. Economic issues of importance are confronting Global Communication thus requiring collective efforts towards the restructuring of the company. The plans that are at hand also face some difficulties with regard to their communicating to the employees. The reputation of the company with regard to the treatment of the employees is quite favorable and therefore ruining this reputation is not to the interest of the company due to the value imputed to them as a vital component in as far as the company is concerned (Hoft, 2002). The concern of the stock holders of the company is the speculation of the possibility of the company returning to the initial status since the company is locally marketed and therefore this is an issue of paramount importance for consideration. It therefore implies that the best choices possible are a requirement for the purpose the achievement of the best solution (Ulijn & Judith, 2004). Conclusion There are great changes that are taking place in the industry of telecommunication. The cable companies with the potential use of the computers the television as well as the telephone services have moved into the market offering complete packages of solutions to the customers with the effect of the reduction in the margins of profit as well as the market of the old companies in the industry.This requires the application of creative as well as drastic solution, a situation that Global communication is facing today. References Andrews, D. (2000). Business and Communication. New York: McMillan. Hoft, L. (2002). International and Technical Communication. New York: John Wiley Ulijn, M. & Judith B. (2004). Communication and Business Technology. Switzerland: Peter Lang.

Analyze ethical aspects of organizational decision-making at WalMart Term Paper

Analyze ethical aspects of organizational decision-making at WalMart - Term Paper Example It is running successful business almost in all major countries across the globe and perhaps that is the reason why it is known as the largest retailer in the world. This paper tries to through a light on the ethical activities carried by Wal-Mart. The essay also takes into account the case of bribery the firm faced in Mexico and how it curves its way out from the problem. Wal-Mart is often termed as a hypermarket, it operates to sale varied range of goods and services to the consumers; like from dairy products to meat, cellular phone stores to pet shops. ‘Low price always’ is the jingle used by the company commonly, it provides goods at the most competitive and resalable prices (Stone, 1997). It is estimated that most of the consumers of Wal-Mart has no bank accounts and their income is almost less than that of the national average. Founded in 1962 the company was supposed to serve a healthy competition for all the other small retailers in the market. Bribery in Mexico Like all that glitters might not be gold, these are various complains against the giant organization of Wal-Mart. It is believed by many economists that the poor communities in U.S. are unfavorably affected by the special discounts given by throng merchandisers like Wal-Mart. It was analyzed that the company will made small retailers in U.S. ... The company found it to be beneficial to open a business wing in this zone as it is situated in a crowded location of the main entrance of the city and it is only a mile away from the prehistoric pyramids that sketch large strength of people as tourists. It was estimated by the analysts of the company that almost 250 customers would come each hour provided the store of the company was established in the chosen location. There was one big hindrance that came up to the business plans of the company, the elected leaders of the town decided to settle up a new zoning map. The leaders wanted to frontier the growth near the pyramids. It was also estimated that the way in of the city was already very crammed thus it would not be an efficient decision to allow Wal-Mart establish there new store in that location. This annoyed the officials of the headquarters of the company in Mexico. It was in records and interviews that the company responded to the unfavorable zoning conditions by offering a bribe of about $52000. The zoning map would not become an edict until it would come in print in the newspapers. The bribing offices of Wal-Mart bribed an executive before the new zoning map was sent in the media. Thus when the modified new zonal map was issued it gave the legal allowance to Wal-Mart to open its new store in the entrance of Mrs. Pineda's field. The protesters oppose the very entry of Wal-Mart in a location that was very near to the cultural heritage but amidst all the difficulties Wal-Mart de Mexico established their business in the grounds of the city. The business running in the entrance of the city made its crowded traffic worse off, the company almost contended the long-established community markets and ruined them. The news of Mexico was mostly covered with grumble of

Depicting God Through the two literatures presented Essay

Depicting God Through the two literatures presented - Essay Example The drastic change presents a perception of God that is not consistent, but rather incidental, depending on the point of life of humans. The sustained harmony for seeking God that is depicted in Holly sonnet 14 is drastically eroded in Holly sonnet 10. The drastic changes depicted by the two sonnets regarding how humans love and quest for God is constantly shifting to courageous and confident hope for a happier life, is an indication of the transitional nature of human emotions, who find it necessary to have a cordial relation with God at some point, and then after they are certain they have conquered sin, the emotional change triggers a change of their heart, which are no longer broken or remorseful but rather confident and bold (Stirling, 244). The major difference between Holly sonnet 10 and Holly sonnet 14 is that; one is a depiction of God as the God who grants boldness and confidence, while the other depicts God as powerful and merciful, who is able to change people and make th em new, and who takes away their sins and cleanses them. In Holly sonnet 14, Donne presents human quest as that of a contrite heart that constantly seeks God, a heart that seeks to get united to God, that at the end, humans may enjoy the happiness of eternal life that God has promised to those who seek him with broken heart. Humans wants God to completely smash their heart for himself, through instilling in their hearts a constant desire to love God, through strong lamentations that God may â€Å"Batter†¦heart, three-persond God ; for you† (Donne, 6). Therefore, Holly sonnet 14’s quest is for a reunion with God, which is then contrasted by Holly Sonnet 10, which is a boastful proclamation of the boldness and lack of fear to face death, a contrary presentation of human quest from Holy sonnet 14. In Holly sonnet 10, humans have reached a point of courage, and there is no longer remorse for their sins, nor deep

Changes and trends in management function, relationship between human Essay

Changes and trends in management function, relationship between human resource and line managers areas where line managers make - Essay Example This means that they direct the work and ensure high employee productivity in their areas of work but do not carry out administrative duties for the employees. These administrative duties include discipline, promotions, demotions, and salary administration among others. The line manager is charged with the responsibility of meeting corporate objectives in his or her field. In the recent past, however, other aspects like risk management, Human resource function and finance have crossed into the line management. Research shows that the human resources in an organisation contribute to almost eighty percent of the organisation’s net value. This means that if human resource is not managed properly, the organisation can undergo a great loss. It is, therefore up to the Human Resource Department to bring out the best in all workers and thus leading to the realization of the set organisational goals. As such, the management of Human resource has recently become every manager’s j ob. This means that the main functions of the HR Department are increasingly being devolved to other Managers, and this is where the relationship between the line manager and the HR department becomes crucial. ... (Handy 1999) The functions of the HR department will include Manpower planning, Job analysis and description, Determination of wages and salaries, the recruitment and selection method for performance appraisals, training and development, Employee welfare and motivation, employee grievances among others. These functions are interrelate the HR function in that they require the participation and feedback from the line managers. The role of the line managers include: 1. Managing the daily running of the line 2. Managing the operational costs of his area of production 3. Providing technical expertise 4. Organising the allocation of work and duties 5. Monitoring the work process 6. Checking and ensuring quality production 7. Dealing with customers and clients 8. Measuring operational performance of the line More recently, these functions have been widened to include: 1. Providing coaching for employees 2. Performance appraisals 3. Handling discipline and employee grievances 4. Participatio n of the line managers in the recruitment and selection function From the fore-mentioned responsibilities, it is evident that the HR department relies so much on the line managers to get things done and get a follow up on the set policy. It is as if the HR department formulates the policies and the line managers implement them. This makes the HR department appear like a ‘big Brother† to the line managers refusing them to do their work properly. Emerging trends and changes in the HR function Training and Internships Norbert (1967) notes that not all employees who go through the recruitment process successfully are best placed to produce quality work in the

What are the Main Differences Between Liberal and Radical Feminism Article

What are the Main Differences Between Liberal and Radical Feminism - Article Example According to Margaret Jackson (1995), the progress of the feminist activism and struggle started by a series of organized campaign in the British Victorian and Edwardian periods in regard to marriage, spinsterhood, and the sexual double standard. (p. 3) From then on, it has gathered steam, propelled by women activism as seen in literature, cultural and political campaigns advancing feminist engagement. However, as mentioned elsewhere in this paper, its history is fragmented, making it difficult to pinpoint its specific history or cultural tradition. All in all, the history of feminism is contingent on other political issues and social changes. As a political ideology, it has been made by women through different campaigns and moral surges, hence, its objectives and ethos varies through time. This dimension is highlighted by the fact that contemporary feminism has found expression in two principal forms: liberal feminism and radical feminism. Liberal Feminism The liberal feminism has been largely seen as positive social movement that only seeks gender equality in social political and economic roles and opportunities. It primarily seeks to bring women into the fold - fully participating in the mainstream society, exercising full privileges and responsibilities of citizenship in genuinely equal partnership with men. Since the 1700s, the liberal feminists have been important advocates vigorously campaigning for women's education and campaigning for equality of access and provision. As years passed, this advocacy extended its focus on individual rights, education, political and religious freedom, individual choice, and self-determination. Feminism has addressed gender inequalities through... This paper explores that feminism may have existed in the ancient times such as in Egypt and Greece, the concept as we of it today traces its roots from the struggle for female sexual autonomy as conceptualized in the nineteenth and early twentieth-century feminists in terms of emancipation of women from sex slavery. This essay stresses that the liberal feminism has been largely seen as positive social movement that only seeks gender equality in social political and economic roles and opportunities. It primarily seeks to bring women into the fold – fully participating in the mainstream society, exercising full privileges and responsibilities of citizenship in genuinely equal partnership with men. Since the 1700s, the liberal feminists have been important advocates vigorously campaigning for women’s education and campaigning for equality of access and provision. As years passed, this advocacy extended its focus on individual rights, education, political and religious freedom, individual choice, and self-determination. Feminism has addressed gender inequalities through their efforts and campaigns for inclusion within civil rights legislation, access to education, and equal opportunity. This feminist school’s main argument is that women are as rational as men. Liberal feminism h as, over the years, campaigned and achieved equal access to education and profession, property rights, suffrage, and all other rights enjoyed by men.

Marketing, Advertising and Public Relations Practice Essay

Marketing, Advertising and Public Relations Practice - Essay Example However, Boyd and Fales (1983), defined reflective practice as being the general process of exploring and internally examining a particular issue of concern, this process is usually seen to be triggered by an experience that results in one seeking to attempt and clarify new meaning to self and thereafter changing their own conceptual perspective. Some of my Strength and Weaknesses that would Appeal / not Appeal to a Potential Employer Based on My work This Semester During my studies this semester, I had the pleasure of discovering and developing a set of new attributes that will prove to be of innumerable benefit to my work life and would be quite appealing to a potential employer. Some of these benefits include: My Innate Ability to work under intense pressure while requiring little to almost no Supervision During my studies this semester, I found that I was able to sufficiently work on my own self without having any supervision. This ability came to the fore when circumstances nece ssitated that I spend a considerable amount of time away from school. I was worried about some upcoming examinations and took it upon myself to ensure that I sufficiently studied and performed a number of various exercises that would help me to perform well in the examination. Upon returning to school, I was able to write my paper very well and post very good results. This ability could prove very useful to my employers as I would be able to effectively perform my work duties without requiring any supervision. My ability to keep a level head while facing intense work pressure would also be of benefit to any employer (Greene, 2012). My Leadership Skills Growing up in a midsized family with a number of siblings, I have always had ample opportunity to gradually develop my leadership skills. This skills have further been honed as a result of my engagement in a number of club activities where I have been elected to several leadership positions. I have also had the opportunity of being in volved in a number of academic group works that have required me to rally and encourage my team members towards striving to complete our assigns. I have always been able to effectively do this resulting in very good results. As such I feel that my leadership skills would prove to be an invaluable asset to any potential employer (2008). My Time Management Skills and Punctual Nature I have always been very punctual since my early childhood after I chanced to learn the values that are found to commonly be associated with punctuality the hard way. During my early childhood, I used to frequently exhibit signs of tardiness, this used to land me into a lot of trouble but despite my parents encouraging me to rectify this negative attribute before it got out of hand, I did not try to correct it. However, when I was nearly 10 years of age and schools were almost closing for the Christmas break, the accumulated number of days I had been late for school as a result of missing the bus caused me to receive poor comments from my teacher who attributed this aspect of my being to my low grades. On receiving my report card, my disappointed parents grounded me for the entire holiday and did not buy me the Christmas gift of a bicycle that I had for long been eying. Meanwhile my other siblings received

International Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Trade - Essay Example Countries will therefore strive to maximize their output through efficiency and optimum resource allocation. Specialization is an aspect of production whereby a country concentrate in the production of products that it can produce efficiently using the available resources. Specialization create a difference in the availability of commodities in different countries and hence the need for trade. The case of surplus of a commodity resulting from specialization applies perfectly to Rodamia due to its mode of production. Rodamia is a vast country that specializes in production of agricultural products. Its neighbors Suntize, Uthania, and Alfanzia are slightly smaller in size and production capacity. This paper will therefore present a report on the state of Radamia’s international. The report will be aimed at making recommendations to the country’s president. International trade has advantages as well as limitations to the concerned countries. In most cases the benefits of i nternational trade overweighs the limitations and hence its continuity. This implies that Rodamia will benefit from the advantages of international trade and at the same time suffers from the effects of the trade due to its limitations. Rodamia is a large country with many resources that include land, labor and capital these resources enable the country to produce goods and services for its growing population. In the process of meeting, the requirements of its people the country experience some aspects of overproduction resulting from specialization and availability of resources. International trade will therefore create a market for excess produce of the country. The country’s economy depends mainly on agriculture and therefore the sector is of great interest to the country. Through international trade, the country will be able to realize specialization. International trade will enable the country to concentrate in the production of agricultural products. This will enable th e country to realize the benefits of specialization, large-scale production, and economies of scale. Large-scale production to meet the domestic and international market demand will increase the country’s per capita income resulting into improved standards of living (Tucker 78). The country has a chance to realize more benefits once fully engaged in the trade and I therefore recommend international trade to the country. The availability of benefits or advantages from international trade implies that the trade has some limitations. Limitations of international trade are difficulties or barriers that prevent free trade. Most countries have tried as much as possible to create free international trade. However, it is impossible to eliminate the difficulties. This implies that Rodamia should be prepared with appropriate strategies to tackle these limitations. To devise effective strategies required to tackle the limitation Rodamia’s president needs to be aware of some of th e difficulties that his country might face from foreign trade. International trade is a long-distance form of trade and hence it is difficult to establish and maintain a close relationship between traders and their customers. This issue will create a difficult environment for international trade through the extra cost required to maintain the long distance relationship. Secondly, cultural differences between the countries involved in international trade will contribute to the difficulties experienced in the trade. Cultural differences will make people of a certain country to be selective in terms of their consumption and this might interfere with free trade. The country also needs to be aware of restriction imposed by different countries to control their imports. Knowledge of these limitations

Phonetics and you can find every thing in the slide Essay - 1

Phonetics and you can find every thing in the slide - Essay Example The fact that there is evidence of both a voiced /É £/and voiceless /x/ velar fricative occurring in the same environments anticipates they are phonemes, and that a voiced counterpart to the labio-dental /f/ and alveolar fricative /s/ would also be found with further data. Evidence also suggests that although the voiced and voiceless pairs of velar fricative phonemes exist they are not found in all situations; for example, /x/ and /É £/ occur directly before the back mid vowel /o/ and the low vowel /a/ but not before the high /i/ and mid /e/front vowels and are thus in complementary distribution, wherein we find a voiceless alveolar fricative [ÊÆ'] or its voiced counterpart [Ê’]. It is likely therefore, that the voiceless velar fricative /x/ becomes alveolar [ÊÆ'] before front vowels /i/ and /e/, while its voiced partner /É £/ also becomes alveolar [Ê’] in the same situation, both of which therefore are allophones not phonemes. Within the dataset provided it could be predicted that [m] is an allophone of /n/ because [m] only occurs word initially and /n/ only occurs between vowels, but because of symmetry it is more likely they both occur as phonemes – within this same argument there may be a velar nasal /Å‹/. Another allophone evidenced in the data is the alveolar trill [r] which is only found inter-vocalically preceding two vowels - in other words a diphthong. It can thus be assumed that the flap or tap /É ¾/ becomes a trill [r] before a diphthong. The difficulty in terms of interpretation in this data set is whether the post alveolar affricate [tÊÆ'] is a phoneme or an allophone; for want of further evidence and because both the voiced and voiceless post alveolar fricatives occur in the same environment as the post alveolar affricate it is suggested that it is an allophone of /k/ in keeping with the symmetrical pattern of each velar phoneme having allophones preceding front

Medical profession Essay Example for Free

Medical profession Essay Adolescence roughly covers the age from thirteen to eighteen. Thus they are called the â€Å"teen years†. Psychologist, educators and the medical profession all agree that adolescence is the most difficult stage an individual may have to go through. It is a time of rapid changes in physical, cognitive and social behavior (Hurlock, 1982). At this age the teen undergo a transition from â€Å"innocence’ to â€Å"awareness†. He shifts from the egocentric world of childhood where his thinking is guided only by what is known or seen to a wide world within him and around him where he can logically think through its reality(Hilliard ,2003) The individual entered an age wherein suddenly there are so many things that he wants to know, understand and experience. It is at this time that primary (sex organs) and secondary sex characteristics start to develop. This includes growth of pubic hair, swelling of breast or first menstrual period for girls and penis growth for boys. Such changes are made possible due to biological change that are undergoing within their bodies. Both boys and girls began to release large quantities of sex hormones, estrogen for girls and androgen for boys. This hormonal change in turn may cause arousal and emotionality in both sexes as they began to figure there sexual values (Hurlock, 1982). Their physical and biological development may make teens overly â€Å"self-conscious† and they become strongly interested to the opposite sex. It is at this time that they first start dating (Huebner, 2000). Generally teens are primarily confronted with issues about sexuality that leads to confusion, chaos, rebellion and extra emotional sensitivity (Hurlock, 1982). Developmental theories had been formulated to explain this phenomenon. METHODOLOGY The purpose of questionnaire is to know a teen’s view and attitude about sex. It does not tackle other sexuality issues like homosexuality and transgender. In developing my questionnaire I keep three things in mind: I should not be biased, questions must be clear to avoid misunderstanding and that care should be taken so as not to offend or embarrass my respondents. I know that teens can be very sensitive and conscious of what people say about them and for most of them sex is a private matter. To meet the above criteria I was careful in not committing the following errors in designing a questionnaire: a) the respondent feels the information is â€Å"none of my business† (Do you masturbate? ), b) Question lack a standard of reference ( do you feel comfortable discussing sex with â€Å"people†? What people? Friends? Parents?), c) the respondent does not know the answer (How many teens in your school disagree about premarital sex? ), and d) the respondent does not remember the answer and therefore guesses (How many girls does your best friend dated last year? ). I first tested my questionnaire by letting one of my teen friends answer it. In this way I will know if the questions are clear and can be easily answered even when I am not around. I revised question/s that was declared not clear by my friend. The next task was to find a teen to be interviewed using the questionnaire. In order not to be biased I interviewed someone I do not know. In this way I have no idea regarding his sexual views. I went to a community park where all sorts and types of teens usually hangout during non-school days. I found a prospect in a group of boys who were dancing beside a stage. The person I interviewed volunteered to answer the questionnaire. He strikes me as a happy go lucky teen. He dresses nicely and smells good although he had been sweating because of their dance practice (he informed me that his group will be joining a dance contest in their community). He smiles easily and seems not to take my interview seriously at first.

My Personal Faith Essay Example for Free

My Personal Faith Essay My personal faith and beliefs contribute to every aspect of my life. I come from a Christian family and a congregation of baptized believers in the Lord Jesus Christ. My parents have always given me unconditional love and dedication, while teaching me healthy boundaries pertaining to life. Such as always putting the Lord first, being more concerned about the pain of consequences for irresponsibility, the rights and wrongs of my behavior, and what pain any of my actions may cause for others and God. My faith has enabled me to handle life challenges from my past and present. Some of these challenges have been series of events that I could hardly believe were happening, while others came with great joy. At five years old, my younger brother, Chandler, died unexpectedly. This was a tough challenge for my whole family to face. This challenge could have easily torn my family apart but together, as a team with God, we worked hard at picking up the pieces and moving forward even when there were days that seemed to be impossible. In the fifth grade, I was diagnosed with a common learning disability known as Attention Deficit Disorder. I am faced with this challenge on a daily basis. I have learned to cope with this disorder over the years by making prayer and patience priorities in helping me conquer this challenge. This challenge was especially difficult during my SAT and ACT tests. Certain scores on these tests were required to get into college and play NCAA football. The stress and pressure of taking these tests felt unbearable at times. While studying and before and during each test, I would remind myself that, through God, all things are possible. With God by my side, I was able to achieve the scores needed to reach my college and athletic goals. Varsity football has had an enormous impact on me during high school because it taught me how dedication and determination would help me succeed in academics as well as in extracurricular activities. Being part of a team helped me develop leadership skills within myself. Each time I step on the field, I put forth an effort to play my best. For me, each game started with a prayer that God would help me make good decisions and keep me and my team safe, win or lose. I earned many Regional and State awards for my achievements in football. All District First Team Defense 2011 and All Region Second Team Defense 2011 were two of my greatest achievements. Again, through God, all things are possible. Strong faith, good character and determination to succeed and live â€Å"a life that matters† can help anyone overcome any challenging situation that they are faced with in their lifetime. They also produce hope within oneself and set the foundation for an integral person to build on their morals and values. I plan to influence others to live â€Å"a life that matters† by staying true to my faith and hope within myself and allowing patience and perseverance to always be a strong characteristic of my character. I am going into the nursing program at Shepherd University in the fall. I plan to further my education into physical therapy. After my education is finished and I enter the working world, I want my greatest accomplishments to be encountering someone daily that I can portray my faith and integrity to that will make a difference in both our lives. I want to be able to reflect back on myself as a person who lived my entire life as one that mattered regardless of what stage of life or challenge that I am faced with at that time. As Christians, we are called and obligated to serve God with our time, talents, and material possessions but we must also recognize these areas as being entrusted to us to be used for the glory of God and helping others. God wants us to seek to bring others under the sway of righteousness, truth, and brotherly love.

Contribution of Banking and Financing to Singapore Economy

Contribution of Banking and Financing to Singapore Economy Kim DuckWon 1.0 Introduction Since globalization of the world, banking and financing sector is now become very important for the ones countrys economic growth as it is directly relate to national GDP. Banking and Financing refer as an act of provide funds for business activities, making purchases or investing to help its businesses to get their goals. And for Singapore, banking and financing is taking a big part in economy as Singapore economy can be said that they grown up their economy by banking and financing with its reputation as financial hub in Asia and it is true that banking and financial services contribute on its domestic economic growth as well by giving few advantages. So, through following paragraph will mention, what is the contribution of banking and financing to Singapore economy and few challenges that banking and financing might face in present and the future. 2.0 Contribution of banking and financing to Singapore economy 2.1 Contribution in Job market First contribution of banking and financing to Singapore economy is job creation which would bring up Singapores economy status better in the end. As Singapore has its reputation as financial hub, Singapore could get lots of Foreign Direct Investment(FDI) in area of banking and finance from many countries such as USA, Japan etc. Therefore, Singapore could make many place for the domestics to get a job in the banking and finance services which will lead Singapore economy status better and will also help to drop down the unemployment rate. And truly, figure shows that in more than 500 financial institutions the banking and finance industry of Singapore provides more than 114000 jobs which is 5.5% of the total workforce(Singaporean-German Chamber of industrycommerce,2013). Therefore, banking and financing would be the factors that contribute to its domestic job market in Singapore. 2.2 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) FDI means individual or business owns 10% or more of a foreign companys capital to control and to get into management its company in the end.(Kimberly,2015). In Singapore, banking and financing take quiet huge role in Foreign Direct Investment(FDI). Although evidence on FDI and economic growth is ambiguous, relations between financial market and economic growth ends up with positive conclusion-namely, well-developed financial market in the country will bring along economic growth(Alfaro,2004). and this economic growth in Singapore will continue to attract the countries to make more FDI to Singapore by its major countries of FDI and it will lead Singapores economy to continue as positive for the future.   2.3 Contribution in Small and Medium-sized Enterprises(SME) In Singapore, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises(SME) normally refer as companies which is employee below 200 or sales turnover is not more than S$100 million. It might seems that SMEs are not important for the economic growth. However, In Singapore, SMEs are taking really important role since SMEs take up 99% of all its enterprises and employ 7 out of every 10 workers in the job market and they contribute over 50% of its national GDP(Koh, 2012). Therefore, banking and financing services contribute a lot on SMEs to boost its economic growth even more higher by giving SMEs collateral-free loan for SMEs improvement and also to encourage someone who try to open new SME. For example, OCBC bank in Singapore is one of the financial institution who contribute to SMEs by giving financial supports up to $100,000 to start up. By this kind of contribution from bank and financial institution, Singapore economic growth will be even more higher. 3.0 Challenges of Singapore banking and financing in present and future Although banking and financing contribute a lot in Singapores economy growth, there are some challenges that might face in the present and future such as dependency of global economy, government regulations and cyber crime. 3.1 Dependency of World economy First challenge factor that banking and financing in Singapore would face in the present and future is dependency of global economy. Needlessly to say, Singapores main contributor of its economic growth is come from FDI in banking and Financial services as Singapore is financial hub in global economy. However, because of its high dependency of global economy, Singapores banking and financial services could not avoid from world financial crisis as well which makes main FDI countries to reduce their investment to Singapores financial services. And global financial crisis in 2008 started from USA was the example of showing that Singapores banking and financial service is not free from it. and figures that an average growth rate of nearly 8 per cent from 2004 to 2007, Singapore was the first East Asian country to fall into a recession from the global economic crisis after July 2008. This clearly reflects the greater vulnerability of the Singapore economy to global economic shocks(Shandre ,2009). 3.2. Shortage of skills Shortage of skills would be the one of the challenge that Singapores banking and financial services would face in the present and in the future. Because most of the banking and financing services are now digitalized and specialized, these sectors are seeking workers who are specialized and have great knowledge of technology. But as it need long time to get experience and skills to be specialize in the parts, Singapores banking and financial services will face the shortage of skills. And that will make the sectors to spend whole lot of money to train and educate the workers to be specialized in their work. 3.3 Cyber Crime Lastly, Cyber crime could be the another problem for banking and financing and to Singapores economy growth in the present and the future. As technologies improved, use of online banking and financing services rate is increasing which makes most of bank and financial services done by online. However, because of technology improvement banker and financial services are bother from cyber crime. And the reason why cyber crime is become a threatening part for these sector is because they need to spend massive money to compensate the victims and also to buy or develop the system to prevent the cyber crime such as financial fraud online which will make these sectors to waste their money. And truly, Direct financial losses in Singapore due to cybercrime grew from US$944 million in 2012 to US$1 billion in 2013(TSE,2014). And this figure will also affect to FDI negatively in banking and financial services which will also threaten Singapores position as a attractive country for FDI. 4.0 Strategic planning to overcome challenges of banking and financing of Singapore in the present and future 4.1 security and regulation According to a 2013 Norton report, Singapore cybercrime victims had the highest average per capita losses worldwide in 2013, of US$1,158. This is four times the global average of US$287 and twice the figure set 12 months earlier in the country(TSE,2014). Therefore, banking and financial services should put an effort to reinforce security and regulation of its online system in banking and financial services to reduce wasted money. For example, these sector can make it compulsory to the workers to use security software to protect cyber crime. And they also can make a teams of online security to prevent cyber crime such as hacking and online fraud to avoid from losing money. 4.2 Education and training In todays world of banking and financing need quiet advanced skills in computer to do a job since most of works are done by computers and online. However, as workforce ages are growing up, lack of skills in banking and financing area become a big problem. Thus, banking and Financial services should re-educate and re-training the workers to get the job done. To do so, banking and financial services sector should create a specialized team in the working place and establish a course to training and educate the workers whom struggle with the skills needed in the work. So that in the end all the workers will be enhanced in their working part which will help to increase productivity. 4.3 Government tax policies As banking and financial services in Singapore affected a lot from global economy, Government should decrease the tax rate for the companies who makes investment their money to banking and financial services in Singapore. And to do so, Singapores banking and financing sector will be 5.0 Conclusion As Singapore considered as global financial hub, banking and financing sector in Singapore will still continue to take a huge role in economy growth in the future. They will provide more money to the country as main contributor of its GDP growth and will also provide more jobs for the domestics as it provide 5.5% of total workforce in Singapore in present. However, to do all this happen, Singapore should handle all problems that challenges of banking and financing services would face in the future such as cyber crime, lack of skills and high dependency of global economy. To handle this kind of problem, Singapores banking and financing sector should make good scheme to re-train and educate workers in financial area and innovate the service way in banking and finance to avoid cyber crime. Then in the future outlook of Singapore banking and Financing will be very positive as a financial hub in the Asia and in the world. Reference List Alfaro, L, 2004. FDI and economic growth: the role of local financial markets.., [Online]. 1 issue, volume 64, 89-112. Available at:http://www.sciencedirect.com.ucd.idm.oclc.org/science/article/pii/S0022199603000813?np=y[Accessed 17 May 2015]. ASEAN briefing. 2014.Singapore expands SMEFinancing Options to Support Small Businesses. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.aseanbriefing.com/news/2014/08/14/singapore-expands-sme-financing-options-support-small-businesses.html. [Accessed 16 May 15]. Kimberly ,A. 2015.Foreign Direct Investment. [ONLINE] Available at:http://useconomy.about.com/od/tradeterms/g/Foreign-Direct-Investment-FDI-Definition.htm. [Accessed 17 May 15]. Koh, J., 2012. Why Singapore needs to re-invest more in SMEs, Singapore business review,Apr 27 Available at: http://sbr.com.sg/markets-investing/commentary/why-singapore-needs-re-invest-more-in-smes Shandre,T. 2009.Riding the global economic crisis in Singapore. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2009/01/05/riding-the-global-economic-crisis-in-singapore/. [Accessed 17 May 15]. Singaporean-German Chamber of industrycommerce. 2013.Singapore – Finance Insurance Industry. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.sgc.org.sg/fileadmin/ahk_singapur/DEinternational/IR/diffIR/Finance_Insurance_2014.pdf. [Accessed 15 May 15]. TSE, S, 2014. CYBERCRIME IN ASIA: A CHANGING REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT ., [Online]. , p.1-15. Available at:http://asia.marsh.com/Portals/59/Documents/Cybercrime in Asia A Changing Regulatory Environment_EN.pdf[Accessed 16 May 2015]. Vikas , S. 2013.Global Financial Crisis Impact on Singapore and Policy Measures Taken to counter it. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.slideshare.net/VikasSharma128/lky-presentation-vikas-sharma. [Accessed 17 May 15]

A Show About Nothing :: essays research papers

A Show About Nothing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the artcle, â€Å"Is Seinfeld the Best Comedy Ever?†, author Jay McInerney agrees with Seinfeld the best comedy on television. Seinfeld is a real life show. The behaviors of Jerry, Kramer, George and Elaine, the failed communication, and the everyday embassassment represent â€Å"nothingness† but a peculiar everyday life. These â€Å"nothingnesses† happen to all of us, but when it is put on TV, people will laugh at these. Besides, the author appreciates the fact that Seinfeld is a New York story but it is filmed in Los Angeles. â€Å"The lumpy texture of life in the city, the random looniness of the street, the idioms and speech inflections of Manhattan, and the claustrophobia of New York apartment living† in the show fascinates the New Yorker as it is so real and funny. Seinfeld takes those little nothings and combines them to create something realistic. Nothingness and reality give the author the reasons to believe that it is the b est comedy ever.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When people consider Seinfeld as a â€Å"show about nothing†. It could be humorous that â€Å"nothingness† can provide such an interesting topic for the comedies of life. In life people care about details and worry about trouble, the little nothings made are soon forgotten. Thus, these â€Å"nothingnesses† are actually fragments of out real life. Seinfeld gathers the nothingness into a show, and it spreads out the idea that everything in the show that actually happens all around us. For example, losing the car in a parking garage, working for an eccentric boss and coping with the trials and tribulations of dating, it is common for a lot of people. And these realities come into the nothingness of Seinfeld.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Seinfeld, the fabulous four characters George, Kramer, Elaine and Jerry share the nothingnesses which life have granted them. George cannot attract thr girl because of his limitiations as a short, bald, fat man. Kramer struggles with the fact that he has not achieved anything in his life yet.. Elaine worries her hold on to a good boyfriend and a good job for long. And Jerry, living with his nothing friends, as well as his own LEX Luthurs which seem to always abstract his plans to find his own Lois Lane and live the life of Superman. The four were cramped in small apartments of New York and live a life of nothingness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Besides, even the settings in Seinfeld for great adventures appear muchlike nothing.

Louisa May Alcott Bio :: essays research papers

Louisa May Alcott Biography Best remembered for her books about the March family, especially her children’s masterpiece, Little Women, Alcott also wrote sensational novels and thrillers for adults. She was a very creative, difficult, and willful girl who was both moody and loyal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Born in Germantown, Pennsylvania on November 29, 1832, Louisa was the second daughter of Abby May and Amos Bronson Alcott. Being one of four sisters, who were Anna Bronson, Elizabeth Sewall, and Abba May, the Alcott sisters had a very happy childhood. The Alcotts went through a series of moves, weither they were from one house to another in the same town, while others were from town to town, this was only a beginning of what was to continue throughout Louisa’s life. Her father, Bronson, was a transcendentalist thinker and writer who refused to take work that was not related to education or philosophy, which had the family commuting due to where he would be employed, which he rarely had been. Rather than being a step up for the family, these changes were just a step down, for the family had to depend on the generosity of others. Living in Concord, Massachusetts with friends and neighbors, Louisa’s father committed his time to educating his four daughters being that he wa s unemployed. Bronson could not be relied upon to support the family, which led her to live a pretty fugal life for his inability to keep a steady job. The plainness of their clothes, food, and home never seemed to bother them, but the issue of money was a constant source of worry for Louisa. She saw it as her mission in life to support her family. In her early teens she began to work with her sister Anna as governesses to increase the small earnings of their father. Then by her early twenties, she was writing and getting paid for it. The death of her younger sister and marriage of her older were very traumatic experiences, and to fill the void left by their absence, and to seek some purpose in life and participate in the Civil War, Alcott became an army nurse in Washington, D.C. After six weeks she got typhoid fever, from which she never fully recovered and left her permanently weakened, a condition that got worse with age. After the war Alcott began Little Women in 1868, along wit h all the gothic thrillers, which brought in money for the family.

Milton’s Paradise Lost :: Paradise Lost

Milton’s Paradise Lost Critics of the Romantic Period have claimed that John Milton was unconsciously allied with the forces of evil. In Paradise Lost Milton’s accounts of â€Å"Devils & Hell† are much more elaborate and awe inspiring than those of â€Å"Angels & God.† Hell and Satan are portrayed extensively whereas the reader is given brief and inconclusive glimpses of Heaven. The apparent dichotomy is explained by William Blake: â€Å"The reason Milton wrote in fetters when he wrote of Angels & Gods, and at liberty when of Devils & Hell, is because he was a true Poet and of the Devil’s Party without knowing it.† Milton’s adherence to orthodox views resulted in an uninspired portrait of Heaven. Hell, in contrast, was greatly developed; the vivid imagery of the volcanic and desolate terrain gave Hell a genuine ambience. Milton described Hell as a â€Å"lake of fire† (280) and commented on the â€Å"Floods and Whirlwinds of tempestuous fire† (77). He indicated that darkness is given off instead of light: â€Å"No light, but rather darkness visible† (63). The devils, especially Satan, were characterized in more detail than the angels or God. The first two books of Paradise Lost featured the fallen angels’ debate regarding their future plans. As a â€Å"true Poet† Milton sought to appeal to the emotions of his readers. The natural human inclination towards evil inspired Milton’s powerful description of Hell as opposed to his unimaginative view of Heaven. Milton held strongly antipathetic views with regard to tyrannical authorities. He created numerous pamphlets to protest the regime of unjust rulers such as King Charles I. Blake suggested that Milton’s opposition to tyranny was also applicable to the authority of God. Both Satan and Milton expressed similar rebellious sentiments. In Paradise Lost, Satan speaks of God’s unjust rule, which parallels Milton’s philosophy regarding tyrannical princes and kings of his day. For example, Satan says to his followers that â€Å"All is not lost; the unconquerable Will / And study of revenge, immortal hate / And courage never to submit or yield† (106-108).

Managing Conflict in a Female Dominated Workplace

Today more companies have opened its doors for women workers than in the past twenty years. More women are having full-time jobs and even holding positions of power and influence in the corporate world. This reality might not have totally eliminated the â€Å"glass ceiling† concept, yet this suggests that the gender discrimination issue is slowly eliminated in the world of work. Women have significantly impacted the corporate world. However, some studies suggest that in women-dominated workplace new challenges can emerge. This is because women interact differently and expect different things from their co-workers than men. Risk of unresolved conflict is also high as women have different approach to dealing with conflict than men. Women’s approach to conflict is usually dictated and influenced by their role in the society, women’s tendency to be judgmental and subjective, and society’s expectations. The groundbreaking book of Phyllis Chesler â€Å"Woman’s Inhumanity to Woman† revealed that women have the tendency to deny that they are competitive, give more importance to relationship and belonging than succeeding, and expect nurture, support, and sympathy from other women. It further revealed women’s subjective perception of criticism and their tendency to judge harshly other women. These behaviors of women are potential source of conflict and can make conflict resolution difficult. Tracy Douglass suggested ways to constructively deal with these behavior of women in the workplace to effectively deal with conflict among them. She said that the ability to recognize exclusionary behavior of women workers and evaluate criticism constructively, make a balance and objective response, making constructive statements that are focused on the problem and not on the person, communication skills, and personal awareness of one’s own behavior are important to be able to effectively manage women workers and also conflict in the workplace. The article of Tracy Douglass presented only a grain of truth about working women  and their behavior that can be a source of challenge and conflict in the workplace. The description sounded more of a social stereotyping than an objective analysis of the causes of conflict in a female dominated workplace and how to manage it. If the analysis presented is true then the percentage of women working will not increase. The â€Å"ever-changing and expanding role of women in the management structure of the modern corporations† (Rue & Byars, 2000, p. 13) proves that companies recognize that women can be effective as men. It proves that women have successfully shown that they are capable of objectively dealing with personal and work issues, as well as achieving competence in their work. Women may have inherent weaknesses but these can be eliminated or use constructively in the workplace given proper mentoring, training and other developmental programs. Nowadays an increasing number of people believe in equality of ability and opportunity of men and women, thus â€Å"more companies use mentoring programs to ensure that women gain skills and visibility needed to move into managerial positions† (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, & Wright, 2000, p. 342). The daycare center is not different from other working environment where training, mentoring and other developmental activities are applicable to enhance personal and professional skills of women employees. The daycare center director can turn the described handicap of women workers in dealing with conflict and co-women employees into a blessing because their nurturing, sympathetic and supportive behaviors are what children need from their care providers. It is said that â€Å"hugs like water and food are vital to health and development of infants and children† (Cromie, 1998) and these too give children the sense of belongingness and safety.   The female staffs are generally capable of providing these to the children with warmth, sensitivity and affection so the children will have sound social development. Conflicts among women employees can be avoided if every challenge is taken as an opportunity to develop the employees and the team as a whole. References Cromie, W.J. (1998). Of hugs and hormones. Retrieved January 10, 2007 Noe, R.A., Hollenbeck, J.R., Gerhart, B. & Wright, P.M. (2000). Human resource  management: Gaining a competitive advantage (3rd ed.). Singapore: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Rue, L.W. & Byars, L.L. (2000). Management: Skills and application (9th ed.). U.S.A.: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.         

Jerry Character Analysis from Chocolate War

Jerry's perseverance keeps him from selling the chocolates every day and giving up. First, when Jerry finds everything in his locker in shreds and does not give up and sell the chocolates, he shows his perseverance by not giving in and selling the chocolates. Instead of giving up instantly and going along with everyone else is doing, Jerry stays with it and does not give up, showing perseverance. Second, when Jerry was beat up by the school bully, Emile Janza, because Jerry is not selling chocolates, he also shows his perseverance by continuing to refuse the chocolates.Jerry shows his perseverance again because he does not sell the chocolate even though everyone in school wants him to. Third, when Jerry is at football practice and is brought to the ground again and again but continues to â€Å"rise to his feet† (1) again, Jerry proves his perseverance by getting up again and giving it another go instead of. With perseverance, Jerry does not give up and gives it another go inst ead of giving up right then. Similarly, Jerry's defiance also keeps him from selling the chocolates and defying authorities.First, when all of the strange things like prank phone calls and people outside his house happen to Jerry, his reactions are defiant. Jerry shows defiance because he feels that he does not need anyone's help and can get all of the chocolate business out of the way himself with no one's assistance. Second, when Jerry would say, â€Å"‘Because I don't want to'† (163), whenever asked why he does not sell chocolates, Jerry shows his defiance by not telling anyone the reason why he does not sell the chocolates no matter what anyone tells him.Instead of giving everyone a real, straight answer, he would defy anyone who asked that question. In the end, Jerry is defeated by the entire school in many different ways. First, when Jerry boxes against Emile Janza and gets completely beat down, Jerry shows that he has been defeated. Jerry is defeated because he i s beaten in a boxing match and he has gotten beat up. Second, after the boxing match and when Jerry starts to think â€Å"sell whatever [the school] wants you to sell† (248), Jerry feels defeated because everything he has done against the chocolate sale has led to nothing.He is defeated because he goes through everything that he went through without a reward or even a significant remembrance of that year's chocolate sale. In conclusion, Jerry Renault's defiance and perseverance help resist the chocolates until the end when he is overcome by the students and finally becomes convinced to sell the chocolates. Work Cited Cormier, Robert. The Chocolate War. 1974. New York: Random House, 1997.

Coca Cola vs Pepsi: Background

Research Proposal |Student Number: | PROVISIONAL TITLE |Coca Cola Vs Pepsi: how a competitive brand proliferation has determined their dominance in the global soft drink industry? | BACKGROUND | | |It is not a foreign notion that both Coca Cola and Pepsi have been competing with one another in the global soft drinks industry for many years.From the | |early stages, of both the drink brands development from 1910, when Pepsi took on Coca Cola in the American carbonated drinks market franchising 24 | |states[1]. Too the current day in which Coca Cola this year celebrated, 84 years of being the official sponsors of the Olympic Games. As well as Pepsi | |wining the bid for sponsorship of the Superbowl halftime show once more; with last year’s show being viewed by an estimated 114 million globally. 2] | | | |Their soda war has been raging for over a century. When Caleb Bradham created Pepsi in 1898, Coca Cola had already been incorporated for 6 years by Asa | |Candler who purchas ed John S Pembertons Coke recipe, and was selling a million gallons a year. By the time Pepsi had franchised 24 states; Coca Cola had | |established bottling plants in Cuba, Canada and Panama and understood the power of advertising. Ploughing large amounts of profits into marketing with | |D’Archy Advertising Company.Over the next 20 years Pepsi suffers two bankruptcies the first in 1923, the start of World War I (WWI). When government | |policies on sugar rationing left the company with no other viable option and Pepsi Cola was sold to Craven Holdings Corp. After two years the trademark | |went bust once again in 1931. Here though good fortune comes in the form of Loft Inc a candy store chain, with its intuitive president Charles G Guth; | |they initiate the first competitive pricing strategy between the two firms. Pepsi Cola introduced the 12 ounce bottle for 5 nickel in 1933.With profits | |rising Pepsi produces their first advertising campaign for radio and jukebox: †˜Pepsi Cola Hits The Spot, Twelve Full Ounces That’s A Lot, Twice As Much For| |A Nickel, Too, Pepsi Cola Is The Drink For You’. During this time Coca Cola has established bottling operations in Bordeaux, Paris, Philippines’ | |establishing a global distribution network of resources. Resulting in a huge group investment of $25 million persuaded by Ernest Woodruff who would become| |President of Coke in 1923. The investment spurs Coke to spread to Australia Norway and South Africa. | | |By 1959 Coke is now a registered trademark under the name of The Coca Cola Company, their first ever television commercial has been advertised and the | |company’s distribution network crosses 100 countries and 1700 plants. From the 1940’s onwards Pepsi have learnt from previous events and at the beginning | |of World War II (WWII) purchase a sugar plantation in Cuba to avoid disruption to business. They have also developed their products container to a can, a | |m ore progressive and modern aversion from the traditional heavy glass bottle.By 1959 Pepsi was now available in a 120 countries; differentiating their | |target market the youth nicknamed the ‘sociables’. At this point, for the first time both Coca Cola and Pepsi Cola are equals. In the sense they have | |established equally strong global distribution networks and have similar levels of assets. | | | |Albeit in 1960 Coca Cola was not complacent with sharing the lime light with Pepsi Cola, and initiates a merger acquiring Minute Maid Corporation in | |response.This causes a domino effect over the next few years with Coca Cola introducing Sprite and Diet Coke. Pepsi Cola merges with Mountain Dew adding | |to their trademark and then merging into the snacks industry with Frito Lay Inc creating PepsiCo Inc, as well as introducing Diet Pepsi. Both brands have | |continued to develop and expand. To this day The Coca Cola Company is consists of over 400 brands[3] and Pepsi con sisting of 22 food and beverage | |brands[4]. | | |Although Coca Cola and PepsiCo are prestige brands, they both remain global market powers in a vigorously competitive soft drinks industry, valued at total| |value US$30. 3bn by 2008[5]. Their success is down too their strategic behaviour in response to changes in the market structure, changes in market demand | |and product development over the last 84 years. Both brands have practiced archetypal methods such as pricing strategies, mergers, product | |differentiation, in order to compete with one another for market dominance.To such an extent the market has developed into an oligopoly, in which they | |hold a large market share stifling other competition. This type of competition is discussed in great detail in the Journal of Economics and Management | |Strategy, where company strategic behavioural responses are explained by using various oligopoly competition theories such as Cournot, Bertrand competition| |and Pure strategy Nash equilibrium games. Some of the articles within the Journal are specific to Coca Cola and Pepsi, proving that my topic is both | |contemporary and relevant. 6] The journal also embarks on the effectiveness of constant research and development to maintain product differentiation in the| |market. [7] The journal contains articles relevant to the soft drinks industry[8] and articles that can explain certain company actions like recipe | |patents[9]. | | | |Coca Cola and Pepsi’s century long soda war can be analysed stage by stage, each brands reaction to the other is a carefully thought out plan in which the | |sole purpose is ultimately to overcome the rival brand last move in a continuingly competitive game. RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND OBJECTIVES |The main objective of this piece of research is to examine the strategically competitive decisions made by both Coca Cola and Pepsi over the last 84 years;| |that have developed both brands into establishing themselves as significant pow ers in the global soft drinks industry. | | | |My aim is to go through both brands commercial history identifying key events and competitive moves, such as the first pricing strategy instigated by Pepsi| |in 1933, and Coca Cola’s merger of Minute Maid in 1960.Using officially endorsed company literature to establish a thorough history since 1986 to the | |present day. Such texts as ‘For God, Country and Coca Cola: The Definitive History of the World’s Most Popular Soft Drink’[10] and ‘Pepsi 100 Years’[11] | |and each corporations global web sites (www. pepsico. com/www. coca-cola. company. com) will be essential to collating a empirical investigation. | | |Once I have compiled a detailed history for both companies, it will be clear that there are certain strategies that have been used to increase either | |brands market power. I will use microeconomic theory with the aid of scholarly papers, journals and market records (some of which I have referenced in my | |background) to explain the reasoning behind instigating the strategies and why they were a success to either Coca Cola or Pepsi brand proliferation.I have| |already outlined briefly a few key implemented strategies in my background; the innovation of the Pepsi can, Nickel for a Nickel decade, Minute Maid | |Corporation merger, but there are other notable tactics. | | | |Each chapter will be based on an individual event or commercial decision which I will have identified after further investigation, with the chapters in a | |chronological order. In each chapter I will analyse the motive for the action, the economic strategy implemented and its direct effectiveness on the soft | |drinks industry.When concluding my research, I hope to have a synopsis of how; when the right strategy is applied in the right climate it can have a | |profound effect on a company’s demand and supply leading to increase in profits and market share too brand proliferation[12]. Alth ough my research is | |focused on coca cola corporation and PepsiCo it may be prudent to research another leading corporation within the global soft drinks industry i. e. Nestle | |Sa or Suntory Holdings Ltd. An investigation may reveal a ype of industrial organisational strategy which has not been used in Coca Cola and Pepsis | |relationship. I could provide this strategy as a suggested forthcoming policy to deal with Coca Cola and Pepsis modern day feud such as the Olympic | |sponsorship dispute[13] | REFERENCES |1. |Mark Pendegrast (2000). For God, Country and Coca Cola: The Definitive History of the World’s Most Popular Soft | | |Drink. 2nd ed. US: TEXERE (Thomson Corporation). ix-621. | |2. |Stoddard (1997). Pepsi: 100 Years.US: General Publishing Group U. S. 1-208. | |3. |Dhar, Tirtha 1 ; Chavas, Jean-Paul 2 ; Cotterill, Ronald W 3 ; Gould, Brian W 4 . (2005). An econometric analysis of | | |brand-level strategic pricing between Coca-Cola Co. and PepsiCo. An econometric analysis of brand-level strategic | | |pricing between Coca-Cola Co. and PepsiCo. 14 (4), 905-932. | |4. |J. C. Louis and Harvey Z. Yazijian. (1980). The Cola Wars: The Story of the Global Corporate Battle Between the | | |Coca-Cola Company and Pepsico, Inc. Business History Review. 5 (04), 386-590. | |5. |Dube, Jean-Pierre. (2005). Product differentiation and mergers in the carbonated soft drink industry. Product | | |differentiation and mergers in the carbonated soft drink industry. Journal of economics and management strategy 14 | | |(4), 879-904. | ———————– [1] Kim Bhasin. (02/11/2011). COKE VS. PEPSI: The Amazing Story Behind The Infamous Cola Wars. Available: http://www. businessinsider. com/soda-wars-coca-cola-pepsi-history-infographic-2011-11? op=1. Last accessed 04/11/2012. [2] Sports Illustrated. (2012). Pepsi

A good film just like a good book Essay

After I click the pause, the screen froze and there is a sentence remain on the screen, ‘Oh, this land was made for you and me. ‘ There is a feeling from my heart which I can not explain with words, this felling contains angry, disappointed, sadness, but the most is the powerlessness to face the reality of the food industry. This kind of feeling happens once before, after I watched ‘ The Cove’, feel anxious to do something and want to help, however, where to start and how? The first thought is to stop buying food from those company, thysoon, motannio, but what else can we buy, there are some, but not enough. But after a second thought, what will happen if we stop buying those food, the company will die together with millions of people will loose their job. But we know clearly that stop buying food from this kind of big and powerful company is impossible, there must be other way out. sometimes people are small, too weak to struggling for such a big problem, so the only way out is to rely on the organization which born for the people but people sometimes do not like and trust, the government. Organic food The film is just on of the most useful way to speak to the people and make them aware of the what actually our word is. But just like the film, we can not touch, smell and taste, only sound and scene may won’t leave the feeling too long. people who are actually doing something which like the mum in the film is because they are victims, people who are not doing things is because they have no chance to see the damage or in another way, they haven’t experience the nightmare. A good film just like a good book, they make people think and reflect their thoughts in the normal lives , it is successful even we just hesitate when we choose food in publix. People always think that they are small, however, water drops can wear away a sone, we can not just let the thought go over our head, we should catch it and pull it out, then actually do things which can really help, help ourself and also help others.

Abraham Lincoln and American History

Even as a boy, Lincoln showed ability as a speaker. He often amused himself and others by imitating some preacher or politician who had spoken in the area. People liked to gather at the general store in the crossroads village of Gentryville. Lincoln’s gift for telling stories made him a favorite with the people there. In spite of his youth, he was well known in his neighborhood. In 1834, Lincoln again ran for the legislature. He had become better known by this time, and won election as a Whig. He served four successive two-year terms in the lower house of the Illinois General Assembly. During his first term, he met a young Democratic legislator, Stephen A. Douglas. Lincoln quickly came to the front in the legislature. He was witty and ready in debate. His skill in party management enabled him to become the Whig floor leader at the beginning of his second term. He took leading parts in the establishment of the Bank of Illinois and in the adoption of a plan for a system of railroads and canals. This plan broke down after the Panic of 1837. Lincoln also led a successful campaign for moving the state capital from Vandalia to Springfield. While in the legislature, Lincoln made his first public statement on slavery. In 1837, the legislature passed by an overwhelming majority resolutions condemning abolition societies. These societies urged freedom for slaves. Lincoln and another legislator, Dan Stone, filed a protest. They admitted that Congress had no power to interfere with slavery in the states where it existed. They believed â€Å"the promulgation of abolition doctrines tend rather to increase than abate its evils. *1 Their protest arose from the legislature’s failure to call slavery an evil practice. Lincoln and Stone declared that â€Å"the institution of slavery is founded on both injustice and bad policy. â€Å"*2 Later, Lincoln continued with his dream to become part of the law. He wanted to become president. On March 4, 1861, Lincoln took the oath of office and became the 16th President of the United States. In his inaugural address, Lincoln denied that he had any intention of interfering with slavery in states where the Constitution protected it. He urged the preservation of the Union. Lincoln warned that he would use the full power of the nation to â€Å"hold, occupy, and possess† the â€Å"property and places†*3 belonging to the federal government. By â€Å"property and places,† he meant forts, arsenals, and custom houses. Lincoln’s closing passage had great beauty and literary power. He appealed to â€Å"the mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield and patriot grave to every living heart and hearthstone all over this broad land. † The attack on Fort Sumter marked the start of the Civil War. Lincoln met the crisis with energetic action. He called out the militia to suppress the â€Å"insurrection. He proclaimed a blockade of Southern ports, and expanded the army beyond the limit set by law. He then led the United States during the Civil War (1861-1865), which was the greatest crisis in U. S. history. During the Civil War, Lincoln’s first task was to win the war. He had to view nearly all other matters in relation to the war. It was â€Å"the progress of our arms,† he once said, â€Å"upon which all else depends. † But Lincoln was a peace-loving man who had earlier described military glory as â€Å"that attractive rainbow, that rises in showers of blood–that serpent’s eye that charms to destroy. *4 The Civil War was by far the bloodiest war in U. S. history. Lincoln became a remarkable war leader. Some historians believe he was the chief architect of the Union’s victorious military strategy. This strategy called for Union armies to advance against the enemy on all fronts at the same time. Lincoln also insisted that the objective of the Union armies should be the destruction of opposing forces, not the conquest of territory. Lincoln changed generals several times because he could not find one who would fight the war the way he wanted it fought. When he finally found such a general, Ulysses S. Grant, Lincoln stood firmly behind him. Lincoln’s second great task was to keep up Northern morale through the horrible war in which many relatives in the North and South fought against one another. He understood that the Union’s resources vastly exceeded those of the Confederacy, and that the Union would eventually triumph if it remained dedicated to victory. For this reason, Lincoln used his great writing and speechmaking abilities to spur on his people. If the Union had been destroyed, the United States could have become two, or possibly more, nations. These nations separately could not have become as prosperous and important as the United States is today. By preserving the Union, Lincoln influenced the course of world history. By ending slavery, he helped assure the moral strength of the United States. His own life story, too, has been important. He rose from humble origin to the nation’s highest office. What did Abraham Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation do to help the Civil War? It declared freedom for slaves in all areas of the Confederacy that were still in rebellion against the Union. The proclamation also provided for the use of blacks in the Union Army and Navy. As a result, it greatly influenced the North’s victory in the war. The 11 states of the Confederacy seceded from the Union in 1860 and 1861. They seceded primarily because they feared Lincoln would restrict their right to do as they chose about the question of black slavery. The North entered the Civil War only to reunite the nation, not to end slavery. During the first half of the war, abolitionists and some Union military leaders urged Lincoln to issue a proclamation freeing the slaves. They argued that such a policy would help the North because slaves were contributing greatly to the Confederate war effort. By doing most of the South’s farming and factory work, slaves made whites available for the Confederate Army. Lincoln agreed with the abolitionists’ view of slavery. He once declared that â€Å"if slavery is not wrong, nothing is wrong. â€Å"*5 But early in the war, Lincoln believed that if he freed the slaves, he would divide the North. Lincoln feared that four slave-owning border states; Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri, would secede if he adopted such a policy. In July 1862, with the war going badly for the North, Congress passed a law freeing all Confederate slaves who came into Union lines. At about that same time, Lincoln decided to change his stand on slavery. But he waited for a Union military victory, so that his decision would not appear to be a desperate act. On Sept. 22, 1862, five days after Union forces won the Battle of Antietam, Lincoln issued a preliminary proclamation. It stated that if the rebelling states did not return to the Union by Jan. 1, 1863, he would declare their slaves to be â€Å"forever free. The South rejected Lincoln’s policy, and so he issued the Emancipation Proclamation on Jan. 1, 1863. Lincoln took this action as commander in chief of the Army and Navy of the United States. He called it â€Å"a fit and necessary war measure. † The Emancipation Proclamation did not actually free a single slave, because it affected only areas under Confederate control. It excluded slaves in the border states and in such Southern areas under Union control as Tennessee and parts of Louisiana and Virginia. But it did lead to the 13th Amendment to the Constitution. This amendment, which became law on Dec. 18, 1865, ended slavery in all parts of the United States. As the abolitionists had predicted, the Emancipation Proclamation strengthened the North’s war effort and weakened the South’s. By the end of the war, more than 500,000 slaves had fled to freedom behind Northern lines. Many of them joined the Union Army or Navy or worked for the armed forces as laborers. By allowing blacks to serve in the Army and Navy, the Emancipation Proclamation helped solve the North’s problem of declining enlistments. About 200,000 black soldiers and sailors, many of them former slaves, served in the armed forces. They helped the North win the war. The Emancipation Proclamation also hurt the South by discouraging Britain and France from entering the war. Both of those nations depended on the South to supply them with cotton, and the Confederacy hoped that they would fight on its side. But the proclamation made the war a fight against slavery. Lincoln†s decisions and Emancipation Proclamation led to the 15th amendment which freed slaves. Without it, life today would be much different. He changed life for all Americans, black and white. How did the Pacific Railroad Act have an impact on American History? It provided for the building of the nation’s first transcontinental rail line. Abraham Lincoln was in office when the Pacific Railroad Act was signed. He made a huge impact by signing the act. It was the first step to trading with other states that were far apart and new ways of transportation. States could now trade meat and states could focus on the products that are most practical for their part of the country. The act gave two companies responsibility for building the railroad. The Union Pacific was to start laying track westward from a point near Omaha. The Central Pacific Railroad was to lay track eastward from Sacramento. Congress granted both railroads large tracts of land and millions of dollars in government loans. Work began on the Central Pacific track in 1863 and on the Union Pacific in 1865. The railroads faced the gigantic task of crossing the rugged Rockies and the towering Sierra Nevada. To obtain the necessary labor, the Central Pacific hired thousands of Chinese immigrants to work on the railroad. Thousands of European immigrants worked on the Union Pacific. On May 10, 1869, the tracks of the two railroads finally met at Promontory, Utah. North America became the first continent to have a rail line from coast to coast. By the end of the 1800’s, the United States had five transcontinental rail lines. The Canadian Pacific Railway (now CP Rail) completed Canada’s first transcontinental line in 1885. It extended from Montreal, Quebec, to Vancouver, British Columbia. The completion of these rail lines opened vast regions of the continent to settlement and trade. How did the sayings of Abraham Lincoln help people? Abraham gave many speeches in his life that inspired people to be all that they can be and do what is right. Gettysburg Address is a short speech that United States President Abraham Lincoln delivered during the American Civil War at the site of the Battle of Gettysburg in Pennsylvania. He delivered the address on Nov. 19, 1863, at ceremonies to dedicate a part of the battlefield as a cemetery for those who had lost their lives in the battle. The principal speaker was Edward Everett, one of the greatest orators of his day. He spoke for two hours. Lincoln was asked to say a few words, and spoke for about two minutes. Lincoln wrote the address to help ensure that the battle would be seen as a great Union triumph and to define for the people of the Northern States the purpose in fighting the war. Some historians think his simple and inspired words, which are among the best remembered in American history, reshaped the nation by defining it as one people dedicated to one principle–that of equality. Lincoln wrote five different versions of the speech. He wrote most of the first version in Washington, D. C. , and probably completed it at Gettysburg. He probably wrote the second version at Gettysburg on the evening before he delivered his address. He held this second version in his hand during the address. But he made several changes as he spoke. The most important change was to add the phrase â€Å"under God† after the word â€Å"nation† in the last sentence. Lincoln also added that phrase to the three versions of the address that he wrote after the ceremonies at Gettysburg. Lincoln wrote the final version of the address–the fifth written version–in 1864. This version also differed somewhat from the speech he actually gave, but it was the only copy he signed. It is carved on a stone plaque in the Lincoln Memorial. Many false stories have grown up about this famous speech. One story says that the people of Lincoln’s time did not appreciate the speech. But the reaction of the nation’s newspapers largely followed party lines. Most of the newspapers that backed the Republican Party, the party to which Lincoln belonged, liked the speech. A majority of the newspapers that supported the Democratic Party did not. Edward Everett, the principal speaker at the dedication, wrote to Lincoln: â€Å"I should be glad if I could flatter myself that I came as near to the central idea of the occasion in two hours as you did in two minutes. *6 Abrahams two minute speech had more of an impact that a two hour speech. Lincoln touched many hearts and others despised him. It does not matter if they liked him or not, they were still affected by his words and actions. Abraham Lincoln affected the U. S. in many different ways. He led the United States during the Civil War, one of the most brutal battles in history. Lincoln helped end slavery in the nation and helped keep the American Union from splitting apart during the war. Lincoln thus believed that he proved to the world that democracy can be a lasting form of government. Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, second inaugural address, and many of his other speeches and writings are classic statements of democratic beliefs and goals. Lincoln, a Republican, was the first member of his party to become President. He was assassinated near the end of the Civil War and was succeeded by Vice President Andrew Johnson. Lincoln was the first U. S. President to be assassinated. Without President Lincoln life today would be much different. We have him to thank for a lot of the great accomplishments in history. Abraham Lincoln and American History Even as a boy, Lincoln showed ability as a speaker. He often amused himself and others by imitating some preacher or politician who had spoken in the area. People liked to gather at the general store in the crossroads village of Gentryville. Lincoln’s gift for telling stories made him a favorite with the people there. In spite of his youth, he was well known in his neighborhood. In 1834, Lincoln again ran for the legislature. He had become better known by this time, and won election as a Whig. He served four successive two-year terms in the lower house of the Illinois General Assembly. During his first term, he met a young Democratic legislator, Stephen A. Douglas. Lincoln quickly came to the front in the legislature. He was witty and ready in debate. His skill in party management enabled him to become the Whig floor leader at the beginning of his second term. He took leading parts in the establishment of the Bank of Illinois and in the adoption of a plan for a system of railroads and canals. This plan broke down after the Panic of 1837. Lincoln also led a successful campaign for moving the state capital from Vandalia to Springfield. While in the legislature, Lincoln made his first public statement on slavery. In 1837, the legislature passed by an overwhelming majority resolutions condemning abolition societies. These societies urged freedom for slaves. Lincoln and another legislator, Dan Stone, filed a protest. They admitted that Congress had no power to interfere with slavery in the states where it existed. They believed â€Å"the promulgation of abolition doctrines tend rather to increase than abate its evils. *1 Their protest arose from the legislature’s failure to call slavery an evil practice. Lincoln and Stone declared that â€Å"the institution of slavery is founded on both injustice and bad policy. â€Å"*2 Later, Lincoln continued with his dream to become part of the law. He wanted to become president. On March 4, 1861, Lincoln took the oath of office and became the 16th President of the United States. In his inaugural address, Lincoln denied that he had any intention of interfering with slavery in states where the Constitution protected it. He urged the preservation of the Union. Lincoln warned that he would use the full power of the nation to â€Å"hold, occupy, and possess† the â€Å"property and places†*3 belonging to the federal government. By â€Å"property and places,† he meant forts, arsenals, and custom houses. Lincoln’s closing passage had great beauty and literary power. He appealed to â€Å"the mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield and patriot grave to every living heart and hearthstone all over this broad land. † The attack on Fort Sumter marked the start of the Civil War. Lincoln met the crisis with energetic action. He called out the militia to suppress the â€Å"insurrection. He proclaimed a blockade of Southern ports, and expanded the army beyond the limit set by law. He then led the United States during the Civil War (1861-1865), which was the greatest crisis in U. S. history. During the Civil War, Lincoln’s first task was to win the war. He had to view nearly all other matters in relation to the war. It was â€Å"the progress of our arms,† he once said, â€Å"upon which all else depends. † But Lincoln was a peace-loving man who had earlier described military glory as â€Å"that attractive rainbow, that rises in showers of blood–that serpent’s eye that charms to destroy. *4 The Civil War was by far the bloodiest war in U. S. history. Lincoln became a remarkable war leader. Some historians believe he was the chief architect of the Union’s victorious military strategy. This strategy called for Union armies to advance against the enemy on all fronts at the same time. Lincoln also insisted that the objective of the Union armies should be the destruction of opposing forces, not the conquest of territory. Lincoln changed generals several times because he could not find one who would fight the war the way he wanted it fought. When he finally found such a general, Ulysses S. Grant, Lincoln stood firmly behind him. Lincoln’s second great task was to keep up Northern morale through the horrible war in which many relatives in the North and South fought against one another. He understood that the Union’s resources vastly exceeded those of the Confederacy, and that the Union would eventually triumph if it remained dedicated to victory. For this reason, Lincoln used his great writing and speechmaking abilities to spur on his people. If the Union had been destroyed, the United States could have become two, or possibly more, nations. These nations separately could not have become as prosperous and important as the United States is today. By preserving the Union, Lincoln influenced the course of world history. By ending slavery, he helped assure the moral strength of the United States. His own life story, too, has been important. He rose from humble origin to the nation’s highest office. What did Abraham Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation do to help the Civil War? It declared freedom for slaves in all areas of the Confederacy that were still in rebellion against the Union. The proclamation also provided for the use of blacks in the Union Army and Navy. As a result, it greatly influenced the North’s victory in the war. The 11 states of the Confederacy seceded from the Union in 1860 and 1861. They seceded primarily because they feared Lincoln would restrict their right to do as they chose about the question of black slavery. The North entered the Civil War only to reunite the nation, not to end slavery. During the first half of the war, abolitionists and some Union military leaders urged Lincoln to issue a proclamation freeing the slaves. They argued that such a policy would help the North because slaves were contributing greatly to the Confederate war effort. By doing most of the South’s farming and factory work, slaves made whites available for the Confederate Army. Lincoln agreed with the abolitionists’ view of slavery. He once declared that â€Å"if slavery is not wrong, nothing is wrong. â€Å"*5 But early in the war, Lincoln believed that if he freed the slaves, he would divide the North. Lincoln feared that four slave-owning border states; Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri, would secede if he adopted such a policy. In July 1862, with the war going badly for the North, Congress passed a law freeing all Confederate slaves who came into Union lines. At about that same time, Lincoln decided to change his stand on slavery. But he waited for a Union military victory, so that his decision would not appear to be a desperate act. On Sept. 22, 1862, five days after Union forces won the Battle of Antietam, Lincoln issued a preliminary proclamation. It stated that if the rebelling states did not return to the Union by Jan. 1, 1863, he would declare their slaves to be â€Å"forever free. The South rejected Lincoln’s policy, and so he issued the Emancipation Proclamation on Jan. 1, 1863. Lincoln took this action as commander in chief of the Army and Navy of the United States. He called it â€Å"a fit and necessary war measure. † The Emancipation Proclamation did not actually free a single slave, because it affected only areas under Confederate control. It excluded slaves in the border states and in such Southern areas under Union control as Tennessee and parts of Louisiana and Virginia. But it did lead to the 13th Amendment to the Constitution. This amendment, which became law on Dec. 18, 1865, ended slavery in all parts of the United States. As the abolitionists had predicted, the Emancipation Proclamation strengthened the North’s war effort and weakened the South’s. By the end of the war, more than 500,000 slaves had fled to freedom behind Northern lines. Many of them joined the Union Army or Navy or worked for the armed forces as laborers. By allowing blacks to serve in the Army and Navy, the Emancipation Proclamation helped solve the North’s problem of declining enlistments. About 200,000 black soldiers and sailors, many of them former slaves, served in the armed forces. They helped the North win the war. The Emancipation Proclamation also hurt the South by discouraging Britain and France from entering the war. Both of those nations depended on the South to supply them with cotton, and the Confederacy hoped that they would fight on its side. But the proclamation made the war a fight against slavery. Lincoln†s decisions and Emancipation Proclamation led to the 15th amendment which freed slaves. Without it, life today would be much different. He changed life for all Americans, black and white. How did the Pacific Railroad Act have an impact on American History? It provided for the building of the nation’s first transcontinental rail line. Abraham Lincoln was in office when the Pacific Railroad Act was signed. He made a huge impact by signing the act. It was the first step to trading with other states that were far apart and new ways of transportation. States could now trade meat and states could focus on the products that are most practical for their part of the country. The act gave two companies responsibility for building the railroad. The Union Pacific was to start laying track westward from a point near Omaha. The Central Pacific Railroad was to lay track eastward from Sacramento. Congress granted both railroads large tracts of land and millions of dollars in government loans. Work began on the Central Pacific track in 1863 and on the Union Pacific in 1865. The railroads faced the gigantic task of crossing the rugged Rockies and the towering Sierra Nevada. To obtain the necessary labor, the Central Pacific hired thousands of Chinese immigrants to work on the railroad. Thousands of European immigrants worked on the Union Pacific. On May 10, 1869, the tracks of the two railroads finally met at Promontory, Utah. North America became the first continent to have a rail line from coast to coast. By the end of the 1800’s, the United States had five transcontinental rail lines. The Canadian Pacific Railway (now CP Rail) completed Canada’s first transcontinental line in 1885. It extended from Montreal, Quebec, to Vancouver, British Columbia. The completion of these rail lines opened vast regions of the continent to settlement and trade. How did the sayings of Abraham Lincoln help people? Abraham gave many speeches in his life that inspired people to be all that they can be and do what is right. Gettysburg Address is a short speech that United States President Abraham Lincoln delivered during the American Civil War at the site of the Battle of Gettysburg in Pennsylvania. He delivered the address on Nov. 19, 1863, at ceremonies to dedicate a part of the battlefield as a cemetery for those who had lost their lives in the battle. The principal speaker was Edward Everett, one of the greatest orators of his day. He spoke for two hours. Lincoln was asked to say a few words, and spoke for about two minutes. Lincoln wrote the address to help ensure that the battle would be seen as a great Union triumph and to define for the people of the Northern States the purpose in fighting the war. Some historians think his simple and inspired words, which are among the best remembered in American history, reshaped the nation by defining it as one people dedicated to one principle–that of equality. Lincoln wrote five different versions of the speech. He wrote most of the first version in Washington, D. C. , and probably completed it at Gettysburg. He probably wrote the second version at Gettysburg on the evening before he delivered his address. He held this second version in his hand during the address. But he made several changes as he spoke. The most important change was to add the phrase â€Å"under God† after the word â€Å"nation† in the last sentence. Lincoln also added that phrase to the three versions of the address that he wrote after the ceremonies at Gettysburg. Lincoln wrote the final version of the address–the fifth written version–in 1864. This version also differed somewhat from the speech he actually gave, but it was the only copy he signed. It is carved on a stone plaque in the Lincoln Memorial. Many false stories have grown up about this famous speech. One story says that the people of Lincoln’s time did not appreciate the speech. But the reaction of the nation’s newspapers largely followed party lines. Most of the newspapers that backed the Republican Party, the party to which Lincoln belonged, liked the speech. A majority of the newspapers that supported the Democratic Party did not. Edward Everett, the principal speaker at the dedication, wrote to Lincoln: â€Å"I should be glad if I could flatter myself that I came as near to the central idea of the occasion in two hours as you did in two minutes. *6 Abrahams two minute speech had more of an impact that a two hour speech. Lincoln touched many hearts and others despised him. It does not matter if they liked him or not, they were still affected by his words and actions. Abraham Lincoln affected the U. S. in many different ways. He led the United States during the Civil War, one of the most brutal battles in history. Lincoln helped end slavery in the nation and helped keep the American Union from splitting apart during the war. Lincoln thus believed that he proved to the world that democracy can be a lasting form of government. Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, second inaugural address, and many of his other speeches and writings are classic statements of democratic beliefs and goals. Lincoln, a Republican, was the first member of his party to become President. He was assassinated near the end of the Civil War and was succeeded by Vice President Andrew Johnson. Lincoln was the first U. S. President to be assassinated. Without President Lincoln life today would be much different. We have him to thank for a lot of the great accomplishments in history.